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Accensione legna. Il metodo tradizionale prevede: 1) accartocciare alla base un foglio di giornale, 2) sovrapporre uno strato di legna secca a piccoli pezzi, 3) sopra il tutto porre i pezzi più grossi destinati a produrre brace, oppure la carbonella o il carbone.
Accessory. Any item used as an adjunct to or for the operation for a fireplace or stove, including tools, andirons, mantels, screens, grates, etc., as well as factory-produced logs or briquets.
Andirons. Free standing metal supports, usually constructed of cast iron or steel, for firewood on a hearth. Each consists of a horizontal bar supported on short legs. May include decorative fronts.
Ash dump. An opening in the hearth through which ashes are dumped.
Asta oscillante. Utlizzata nelle stufe per far girare la griglia oscillante, è posta alla base della camera di combustione. L’asta viene utilizzata quando diventa necessario svuotare la cenere accumulatasi nella camera, e può essere manovrata da entrambi i lati.
Batifuoco (Brichet - dialetto piemontese) o acciarino, l'unico mezzo di un tempo passato, ma non troppo lontano per accendere il fuoco. Dal secolo XIV al secolo XIX. Ovviamente di sistemi per accendere il fuoco ve ne erano altri ma tutti d'alternativa troppo sicura. Il fuocon si poteva anche accendere trasferendolo da una fiamma già esistente (stoppiniera), ma accandere il fuoco significava l'uso del battifuoco.
Basan-a da brichet (dialetto piemontese) - vedi Fornello a carbone
Baldoria. È la fiamma alta e vivace ma poco durevole in quanto generata da legna minuta che arde velocemente.
Baffles. Found in modern wood stoves and in Russian mosonry fireplaces. Diverters send smoke and gasses on through circuitous passages from the fire to the chimney. Baffles slow the travel, allowing gasses to be burned in the combustion process, increasing burning efficiency.
Baking soda. Bicarbonate of soda, usable as an emergency fire extinguisher. When poured on a blaze, baking soda releases carbon dioxide, which will not support combustion.
Batter boards. Guide boards attached to stakes and positioned to provide reference points when determining location of excavations, footings and/or foundations.
Bow saw. A hand saw made of a curved frame and a changeable blade. It enables an individual to cut and clean branches from a small tree.
Bridging. Extra support pieces added between floor joists. Installed perpendicular to the direction of the joists, pairs of bridging boards usually (1x2 or 1x3) usually are set in an "X" pattern. Bridging increases the stability of floor joists and may be required when a new, heavy load (such as a fireplace) is placed on a floor.
BTU British Thermal Unit. A standard of measure that is used to indicate heat production. Specifically, one BTU aquals enough heat to raise the temperature of one pound of water from 60°F to 61°F.
Building Codes. A set, or sets, of standards that govern construction in any governmental unit-local, state or national. Codes specifically restrict certain construction, prohibit certain practices, and mandate others.
Building paper. A heavy paper that is coated and impregnated with tar or asphaltic material. It may be used on the hearth surface and smoke shelf to protect these areas during fireplace construction.
Burning in/curing firebox. A process in which a new fireplace is gradually put into full use. A series of progressively larger fires must be built over a period of several days to adjust the brick, mortar, damper and flue to the stresses of heat and cold. If a large fire is built in a newly constructed fireplace before the masonry has been cured/burned in, the mortar may break down and expansion of metal in the unit may crack the masonry.
Benzoino. Resina balsamica ricavata dalla corteccia di alberi del genere Styrax. Sumatra e Thailandia ne sono i principali produttori.
caminetto del '700
l'elegante camminiera
Camminiera la Cassina elegante in cui si tenneva la legna da ardere in pezzi già di misura. Con tale nome però si chiamava anche lo specchio fissato obliquamente sopra il caminetto ed il parafuoco metallico. Era quasi sempre di legno gentile, con una Ribalta mastiettata all'attiguo piano sul quale si aggiungeva talora uno Scaffalino con uno o due ripiani sui quali si riponevano solitamente i libri di lettura del tempo.
Carbonaia (Carbonera - dialetto piemontese) La cui piazza immersa nella boscaglia, col suo spiazzo irrealmente pianeggiante, illogico per il sito e circolare come una fantastica pista, dal colore nero-grigiastro per i residui carboniosi lasciati dal tempo, rievocava gli oscuri racconti delle veglie in cui si diceva di misteriosi pianori ballabili dove convenivano streghe e diavoli per le Ridde sfrenate dei loro Sabba.
Cantilever. A construction technique that allows a unit that is unsupported from below to project into an adjacent area. Support is provided by extensions of the framework, so that two-thirds of the frame is attached to load-bearing joists. Forehearth substructures are cantilevered from the fireplace foundation. Support is provided by framework tied into the foundation walls and by a series of reinforcing rods that reach from the back of the fireplace to the front of the forehearth.
Canvas bag traveler. A device created by putting a board, weighted with a brick, at the bottom of a heavy canvas bag. A rope is tied to the board and run through the closed top of the bag. When the bag is padded with straw and lowered through the chimney, the bag seals the flue space.
Cap. The top of the chimney and any part rising above the masonry. Caps may be a plain and sloped cement wash, a projecting flue tile, a precast chimney pot, a spark arrester, a rain cap, a damper cap, a smoke puller unit, a hood, or a combination of two or more of these termination features.
Cape Cod firelighter. A small brass, or other metal, bowl that holds a brass rod with a soapstone knob. When the bowl is filled with kerosene or lamp oil, the soapstone absorbs the liquid. The knob acts as a wick and controls the burning of the absorbed liquid. If used with proper care and precautions, the Cap Cod firelighter will burn long enough with a hot enough flame to ignite most firewood.
Caulk. A flexible substance that is forced into cracks and gaps to close these areas. Ideally, caulk remains plastic for years to maintain a tight seal. It comes in waterproof and heat-resistant or fireproof formulas.
Ceramic tile. A noncombustible, fired clay material (frequently glazed) in square or reclangular units. With its either plain or decorative surface, ceramic tile is suitable for forehearth, firebox hearth and opening margin.
Chain saw. A heavy-duty powered saw (usually gasoline-powered) that is frequently used to cut trees for firewood. The cut is made by a high-speed, motor-driven, notched chain.
Chemical chimney cleaners. Any of various commercial products designed to be thrown into a fireplace blaze. The combination of the chemicals and the heat is supposed to clean soot and creosote from the flue walls. Use only as directed, and with care.
Chimney anchors. Strong, U-shape straps that loop around flue tile chimney liners and bolt to attic floor joists with lag screws to hold the chimney firm against the dwelling. The straps are hidden by the masonry veneer of the chimney. The holes through which the straps pass into the attic are sealed with caulk.
Chimney breast. The area extending from above the opening to the ceiling. It may include a mantel shelf, decorative facing, or be a plain, flat wall surface.
Chimney chase. A slightly recessed space on an exterior house wall into which a chimney is set.
Chimney pot. The termination of a chimney. The pot may be a section of flue tile that extends above masonry. Other pots may be precast concrete or terra cotta.
Chopper-One ax/maul. A commercially produced ax with a built-in maul. It is used to split wood. The blade cuts into the wood; then spring-loaded wedges drive the wood apart, splitting it.
Circulating fireplace. Either a totally prefabricated unit or an insert designed to draw cool room air from the floor level into a space between inner and outer firebox shells. The air es heated and then relased, either by natural convection or forced out by blowers. The circulating fireplace adds heat to the home rather than sending all the heat directly up the chimney.
Circulating stove. A stove that, in addition to radiating heat, includes a heat exchanger.
Class A flue. An insulated double or triple wall pipe approved for use with any fuel.
Cleanout door. An opening in the ash pit through which the pit is cleaned. It has a tightly fitted door. Wherever possible, the door should be located on the exterior of the house.
Clearances. The code mandated distance from a heat-producing surface to nearby combustible construction. Zero clearance refers to no clearance between such surfaces.
Close joints. Masonry joints without mortar.
Cold air ducts. Channels through which cold air is pulled or blown in order to be heated in a firebox shell.
Collar. On any free-standing or zero-clereance fireplace or on any stove, the section to which the chimney sections or stovepipe sections attach.
Combustible materials. Material made of or covered with wood, compressed paper, plant fibers, or other material that will ignite and burn. A wall constructed of noncombustible structural members covered with a combustible material is considered to be a combustible wall, i.e., the entire wall will assume the fire rating of that part with highest combustibility.
Common wall. A shared wall, usually one that separates adjacent apartments or townhouses.
Conical style flashing. A cone-shaped section that fits over prefabricated chimney sections that pass through a steeply pitched roof. The conical fashing fits under upper-level shingles and over lower-level shingles. The cone also directs rain away from the chimney and seals the roof opening.
Connector. The pipe connecting the heat-producing appliance to the chimney. Usually, the connector is a single-wall, uninsulated pipe. It may reach very high temperatures and may not be corrosion-resistant. Therefore it is always required to be permanently exposed and usually requires considerable clearance from combustible material. Also called a smoke-pipe, vent connector or chimney connector.
Convection grate. A grate made of hollow, U-shaped tubing. The open ends face the room. The fire is built inside the U section. The air is drawn into the lower tubes by convection and is heatedd so it rises through the tubes, and out the open upper ends.
Corbel. To lay brick in step fashion, enlarging or decreasing a wall dimension. The foundation of a fireplace is corbeled outward to provide support for the forehearth. The walls of the fireplace firebox are corbeled foreward to create the smoke shelf and throat, and inward to create the smoke chamber and flue support. The chimney top should be corbeled outward to protect the chimney walls from precipitation.
Cord. A measured unit of cut and stacked firewood. It is four feed wide, four feet high and eight feet long. Stacked logs are usually whole and four feet long; they must be cut and split before being used as firewood.
Course. A horizontal row of brick or block, usually set in mortar. One layer in a vertical series.
Creosote. A residue from wood gasses that are released during combustion - especially from a low, slow burning fire. Creosote is a semi-liquid that coats flue tile or stove pipe. It is highly flammable; it is a prime ingredient in chimney fires.
Combustione secondaria. A seguire la combustione primaria, in cui il carbonio contenuto nella legna si combina con l’ossigeno generando una reazione chimica esotermica che produce CO (anidride carbonica) e CO2 (monossido di carbonio), può avvenire la combustione secondaria, in cui un nuovo ingresso di ossigeno nella parte alta della fiamma porta un abbassamento di CO nei fumi e un conseguente aumento del rendimento.
camino dell ’ordine Dorico
Dorico. Il più antico degli ordini architettonici classici. Secondo Vitruvio questo ordine deve il suo nome a Doro re, dell’Acaja, che per primo lo usò nella costruzione di Giunone ad Argo. È caratterizzato dalla scanalatura del fusto delle colonne e dalla trabeazione decorata a lastre alternate di triglifi e metope (lisce o a basso rilievi).
Damper. A steel or cast iron movable plate used to regulate the draft in the flue or to close the flue when the fireplace is not in use, located at the throat above the fireplace opening.
Downdraft. The natural action of cool air sinking down a chimney. The cool air meets rising warmed air and creates a continuous movement that pulls smoke up the chimney.
Draft. The pressure available to expel the smoke and other products of combustion through the chimney to the outdoors. Draft is directly related to the height of the chimney, the temperature of the flue gasses, and, to some extent, the cross-sectional area of the flue. Draft may also be affected by wind velocity and air pressure.
Draw. A well-designed and functioning fireplace has what is referred to as good draw - the smoke is pulled up into the chimney and air is circulated in the firebox for good combustion. A fireplace with a poor draw sends smoke into the room and provides low efficiency.
Dentello. Si definisce così la modanatura interna di una cornice formata da una serie di piccoli e regolari parallelepipedi che correndo lungo la stessa, presentano verso l’alto una superficie liscia o incavata ad unghia. Molto usati nel periodo classico per decorare il sotto-mensola.
Un camino aperto potrebbe presentare problemi di fumo nell’ambiente, facilmente risolvibili con un buon meccanismo di elettroaspirazione e con una cappa che ne completi la sommità.
Ecran del fornel (dialetto piemontese) - vedi Parafuoco a teialetto
El fornlet (dialetto piemontese) - vedi Fornello a carbone
Esca da battifuoco Era la materia su cui si innescavano le scintille della pietra focaia. La si ricavava con abile e paziente manipolazione di un fungo del genere fomite, detto popolarmente fungo focaio o fungo dell'esca. Il fungo dell'esca veniva anche usato come surrogato del tabacco da fiuto o adoperato come emostatico.
Elbow. A chimney, gas vent or smoke-pipe fitting, adjustable or nonadjustable, designed to redirect the flow of combustion products. U.L.-listed, factory-built chimney elbows are limited to 30-degree inclinations from the vertical, but smoke-pipe or connector or type B gas vent elboys may incline as much as 90 degrees.
Expanded metal. A special wire mesh used as a base to hold plaster. Its appearance resembles chicken wire, but chicken wire cannot be substituted for it.
Eyebolt. A piece of hardware threaded at one end to recive a nut and looped back on itself at the other end, creating an "eye" into which something may be hooked or tied.
Elettroaspiratore. Aspiratore radiale applicato alla parte superiore di una canna fumaria, utile alla soluzione dei problemi di tiraggio anche nelle condizioni più difficili. Fornito di una centralina di comando che ne consente di variare e controllare l’aspirazione è alimentato elettricamente. Quando è spento non ostacola la fuoriuscita del fumo.
la parola "focolare" potrebbe benissimo essere sinonimo della parola "casa" come simbolo dell'unità domestica oltre che come dispensatore di calore.
Franklin stove. Fireplace-styled stove. The original design is credited to Benjamin Franklin. The stove was initially intended as a fireplace insert to increase efficiency.
Fornello a carbone Era un bell'oggetto lavorato in terracotta. La brace introdotta nel suo fornelletto rimaneva rinvigorita dal tiraggio della gratella mantenendo caldo il piatto o il recipiente posato sul suo bordo superiore oppure secondo la misura, l'uno o l'altro alloggiandosi tra le pareti del fornelletto medesimo.
Face cord. A measured unit of cut and stacked firewood that is eight feet long, four feet high and between 16 and 24 inches deep (1/3 to 1/2 a full cord). A common unit used in buying and selling firewood in urban areas.
Faux marbre A decorative painting technique used to produce the appearance of marble on another surface. Popular during the late 19th century, it was used to create the appearance of marble when marble could not be used economically.
Fireback. A reflective metal sheet attached to or propped against the back wall of a firebox. A fireback reflects heat and light into a room. Decorative, period-style firebacks are available as reproductions.
Firebox. The area within the fireplace in which a fire built. It usually consists of angled side walls, a flat and then sloped back wall, and a hearth. The firebox must be built of firebrick or other material resistant to extremes of temperature.
Firebox grills Contemporary cooking grills that may be permanently installed in a firebox. They are usually designed to lift and swivel against a side wall.
Firebrick. A heat-resistant clay brick appropriate for areas in contact with high, direct heat such as the walls and hearth of a firebox.
Fireclay (mortar). A compound designed to be used with with firebrick. A mortar with resistance tp high temperature.
Fireplace crane. A device that provides a hanging support for pots. A crane is installed in a side wall, usually near the opening, and swings against the wall when not in use. It is a common installation in fireplaces used for cooking.
Fireplace insert. Either a double-shelled fireplace liner or a stove unit designed to fit into an existing fireplace. Usually containing active (blower) heat-circulating features, the units increase the heat efficiency of a fireplace.
Fireproof/heat-resistant gloves. Specially designed and constructed gloves that should be worn when adding logs to an established blase or when handling cooking utensils in a fireplace.
Fire snuffer. A box-shaped cover designed so it may be dropped over an established fire to seal off air to extinguish a blaze.
Firestop spacer. A barrier of noncombustible material installed in walls or ceilings where prefabricated chimney or stove pipe passes through combustible framing. A section is framed in and a space created to support and insulate the pipe. Spacer material is installed in this space.
Flammable liquid. Any liquid that can be ignited. Flammable liquids should not be used in fireplaces as fire starters.
Flashing. Material, usually metal, that covers gaps between masonry and framing, where the chimney passes through the roof. Usually it is placed in overlapping units, with part above and part below the shingles.
Flue. Interior of the chimney through which smoke, gasses and heated air are expelled.
Flue liner. Either clay tile or metal sections set with smooth joints inside a masonry chimney. The liner finish decreases buildup of soot and creosote, acts as an insulating layer, and seals the masonry against leaks.
Flush hearth. Base of the firebox and a noncombustible extension to protect the floor surfaces.
Footing. A support section for a foundation. The footing is wider than the foundation wall and is set in the excavation so that the top of the footing is below the frost line to prevent shifting or heaving.
Forehearth. A section of noncombustible material that projects into the room. It should extend 12 inches on either side of the opening and 16 inches in front of the opening to meet minimum standards.
Forms. Board framework constructed to contain and shape a material such al concrete. Usually temporary, forms are removed when concrete has cured. In fireplaces, forms will be required for footings and hearth/forehearth construction.
Foundation. Concrete or masonry, a wall that supports the upper portions of construction. The foundation extends both below and above ground level.
Framing. Pieces of 2x4 or larger stock, which are nailed together to provide basic wall and ceiling support. It also serves as a base for a prefabricated fireplace hearth or face. Framing is usually covered with a finish material.
Free-standing fireplace. A prefabricated fireplace designed and finished so that all surfaces may be exposed to view. The unit may be positioned at almost any room location.
Frost heave. Expansion of soil caused when moisture in the soil freezes or repeatedly freezes and thaws. The expansion of the damp soil is greater than the simple expansion of the frozen water.
Furring strips. Strips of board, wood or metal. These attach to a surface to provide a fresh, level nailing surface for wallboard or paneling, or other material.
Fluido termovettore. Aria o acqua che, una volta riscaldati, trasportano questo calore verso la destinazione finale ed il terminale corpo riscaldante (può trattarsi di un termosifone o della bocchetta d’aria calda).
I diversi tipi di cottura in un camino. Una grata serve come appoggio per tegami, mentre un gancio sospende una pentola sopra il fuoco vivo.
Gola (canna o tromba). È il canale, condotto o tubo entro il muro, che dal focolare o dalla cappa, se vi è, mena il fumo sino alla rocca. Questa poi, che altrimenti dicesi anche torretta o fumaiolo, è quella più alta parte della gola che s’inalza al di sopra del tetto, e dalla quale per uno o più buchi esce il fumo.
Galvanized metal. Any metal to which another metal has been thinly plated by electric (galvanic) action.
Glass fireplace doors. Framed, tempered glass covers for the front of a fireplace. The doors close off the opening to prevent heated room air from being drawn in to support combustion. Glass door units may be combined with mesh screens, and may include air vents or heat exchangers.
Grubka. See Russian fireplace
Grata. Attrezzo metallico che può essere impiegato in un camino per appoggiarvi sopra pentole e tegami e cuocere quindi del cibo. Sotto la grata devono trovare posto i carboni ardenti, mentre per cuocere a fuoco vivo è meglio impiegare recipienti sospesi.
Il camino è inserito in una preziosa pannellatura in quercia scolpita.
Hôtte (termine francese - cappa). Parte superiore del camino che ospita la canna fumaria. Non era molto in uso nel XVIII secolo, epoca nella quale la canna fumaria era ospitata nello spessore dei muri o in una controparete in aggetto rispetto alle altre.
Hardwood. Wood from deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves in the fall). Harder to ignite and often more difficult to split, hardwoods give off more heat than do softwoods.
Hardwood. Termine inglese usato per indicare in generale legni di alberi cedui (che perdono le fogli in autunno). Letteralmente significa “legno duro”, più difficile da accendere, ma presenta il vantaggio di fornire maggiore calore rispetto ai legni teneri.
Header. Any board or pair of boards used to span cut framing members to maintain structural strength. Pairs used in the same location are called double or doubled headers.
Heat chamber (heat exchanger). A space between the inner and outer shell of a prefabricated fireplace or a fireplace insert where circulating air is heated.
Heat exchanger. Any unit designed to draw in cool air, heat it and return it to living areas. This includes convection or powered exchangers in the fireplace shell, and hearth grate/door units.
Heat reflector. Any sheet metal or foil positioned to reflect heat - either in back of the fire to direct heat into the room or in front of the fire to maintain temperatures for cooking.
Heating area. A space that a given heating unit - a fireplace or stove - is expected to heat.
High temperature cement. A cement powder formulated for use in high - temperature areas such as fireplaces.
Hinge. When cutting a tree, a notch is cut on the heavy or leaning side of the tree, with a straight cut on the opposite side to create a hinge. The tree will bend on the hinge as it falls. A correctly cut hinge will help control the direction of the fall.
Hood. A decorative and sometimes functional metal canopy installed over the opening of a fireplace. May be installed to prevent some smoking problems or radiate additional heat.
Hooded chimney. A chimney on which two opposite masonry sides rise above the flue support a flat cover. Chimneys are hooded to control the flow of wind over the flue to maintain even draw or to prevent one chimney from drawing smoke from another.
Infornapane O pala da fornaio, l'attrezzo per tutti gli usi dell'infornare e dello sfornare, di forma variante da luogo a luogo. Oggi sostituito da palina o pala: stretta e lunga per infornare la fila di pane piccolo in una sola volta; pala da pagnotte: per il pane di formatura non piccola; palona da pan piccolo: che serve per sfornare il pane piccolo; palona da grissini: per infornare e sfornare gli stessi.
Insulation. Any noncombustible material that will not transmit heat. Required in fireplace construction at any place where metal contacts masonry in order to accommodate the metal's expansion.
I.C.B.O. International Conference of Building Owners. A group that sets certain building construction and fire safety standards.
Isolante. Qualunque materiale non combustibile che non trasmetta calore. Viene impiegato nella costruzione dei camini per isolare dal calore stesso le pareti e l’arredamento e per consentire eventualmente alle parti in metallo del camino un gioco di dilatazione dovuto all’effetto termico.
Jacobsen (Arne). Architetto e designer danese (1902-1971). La sua attività professionale è stata molto vasta, comprendendo importanti opere architettoniche e un’intensa attività di designer, i suoi lavori hanno contribuito a rendere famoso nel mondo il design danese. Disegnò mobili, lampade, camini e tessuti caratterizzati da originalità e eleganza formale.
Jambs. The facing or surround area on either side of the fireplace opening. Jambs are usually brick or other masonry.
Jointer. A tool used to smooth and shape the surface or mortar joints. Jointers are designed to give flush, raked or rounded joints.
Joists. Floor and/or ceiling framing made of 2x10s or 2x12s, usually mandated by building codes to be set on 12, 14, 16, 18, or 24 inch centers, perpendicular to wall stud framing.
Jambages. Termine francese, che letteralmente significa pilastri, montanti. Si tratta infatti dei due elementi laterali di un focolare che hanno la funzione di reggere l’architrave e la mensola. Generalmente e tradizionalmente vengono realizzati in pietra o marmo.
Kãngrì. Braciere coperto da un panno pesante da lasciare sotto un tavolo. È il mezzo di riscaldamento anticamente più diffuso Turchia, India e Hymalaya.
Kilocaloria. Unità di misura usata per l’energia termica, equivale esattamente a 1000 calorie, ed è di derivazione greca.
stile Luigi XIII il camino della camera da letto del Cabinet de Sully poi alla Biblioteca dell ’Arsenale a Parigi
Luigi XIII, stile (prima metà del Seicento). Il camino Luigi XIII è composto da una parte appoggiata al pavimento, caratterizzata dalla cornice in legno o marmo, mossa tramite modanature o decorata con motivi di contorno o per mezzo di ornamenti lignei, dorati e applicati sulla superficie. Sopra la mensola si innalza, fino al soffitto, la hôtte che ospita una valenza decorativa.
Lag screw. A large, threaded screw with an oversize, multi-sided head.
Level. A builder's tool that uses a centered bubble in a tube to indicate when a surface is level-can be either horizontal or vertical.
Liner. The steel interior of a firebox, or a portion thereof, such as a rear or side panel, sometimes replaceable.
Lintel. A steel angle iron, large stone or precast concrete slab that spans a masonry opening to support masonry above the opening.
Load-bearing members. Any part of framing that carries the weight of other sections of the building.
Livella. Attrezzo di comune uso impiegata nel settore delle costruzioni (e quindi anche per i camini) per verificare se una superficie è perfettamente orizzontale o verticale. Si compone di un’asta con un piccolo tubo graduato in cui una bolla d’aria scorre in un liquido.
Manteau (termine francese - rivestimento). Indica l’insieme delle parti a vista e propriamente l’architrave, la mensola e la cappa, sostenute spesso mediante una zancatura di ferro. Nascondersi sous le manteau de la cheminèe significa nascondersi all’interno dello stesso focolare.
Mantel. A decorative shelf projecting above the firebox opening.
Masonry anchors. Bolts or rods inserted into masonry construction in order to ensure permanent union with later construction.
Maul. A wedge unit that drives a split in a log, creating enough pressure to complete the cut.
Molly bolts. A two-section bolt designed to permit installation of heavy units on a hollow wall, such as drywall over stud framing.
Mortar. A combination of cement, sand, water and a small amount of hydrated lime. Used to permanently unite brick, block or stone.
Mortar board. A device, usually a board with a handle, that allows a worker to conveniently carry around small amounts of mortar while laying brick, stone or block.
Mud box. A wooden box with angled ends, used in mixing batches of mortar or cement.
Multi-face fireplace. A fireplace that has two or more openings. It is possible to have two adjacent, two opposite, three adjacent, or four open faces. The four-faced version is essentially a firepit with a suspended, four-sided hood.
Mentolo. Principale elemento costituente dell’olio di mentolo. Ha la forma naturale di cristalli incolori allungati difficilmente solubili in acqua ed invece estremamente solubili in alcol, etere, oli essenziali. Viene usato in medicina per liberare le vie aeree superiori ed in casa per profumare gli ambienti con i diffusori.
Nicchia. Piccolo vano rettangolare o a volta inserito nella muratura di una parete o di un rivestimento ligneo con funzione decorativa che può contenere un dipinto, una scultura, un oggetto o i tronchetti di legna da ardere.
Nails Cement, for use in masonry. Ring Shank, a nail with raised rings on the shank; gives more secure connection than a smooth-shanked nail.
National Fire Protection Agency. An organization that publishes information and standards for fireplace or stove installation. Its purpose is to prevent unsafe or potentially dangerous construction or appliance installation.
Non-Com. A pressure-treated lumber that will not ignite. Non-Com will char but non burn. Although not generally available, it is the first and best choice for interior fireplace framing.
Notch. A wedge shape cut out of the leaning, or heavy, side of a tree being felled.
Nastro. Motivo decorativo che ricorda, come suggerito dal nome, le volute e le pieghe di un nastro di tessuto. Viene spesso impiegato nei camini classici per decorarne l’architrave sopra il boccafuoco.
Ollari stufe Ossia ricavate dalla roccia metamorfica di color verde, detta pietra ollare od ollite, così chiamata perché utilizzata dal tempo dei tempi per fare ogni sorta di olla. Costituivano le versioni in pietra delle monumentali stufe in terracotta di Castellamonte. Particolarmente imponente era il tipo fabbricato in parecchi pezzi tenuti insieme senza ausilio di parti metalliche che non esistevano se non per lo sportellino del forno.
Opening. The "hole" in the wall that gives access to the firebox.
Opoponax. Gommaresina tipica della zona dell’Ogaden, della Somalia e delle zone più calde e aride dell’Oriente. Nella sua forma grezza, l’Opoponax è costituito da blocchi di color bruno giallastro. Il suo odore, estremamente particolare, ricorda quello dell’incenso con sfumature fresche come il sedano e angelica. Anche l’O. fa parte delle resine rare e pregiate.
Parafuoco a telaietto Era una tela, per lo più serica, tesa su un telaietto di legno che s'incastrava in un piede a due staggi fra cui scorreva verticalmente potendolo fissare alla desiderata altezza mediante il piuolo, a parare dal fuoco quasi l'intera persona. Naturalmente lo si spostava dove più occorreva.
Pala del forn (dialetto piemontese) - vedi Infornapane
Parge. To coat a masonry surface with mortar for a completely smooth surface.
Peavey rod. A pointed rod with a movable hook; used to turn and position large logs or cut trees for trimming.
Penned logs. A method of cutting and stacking to promote faster drying of the wood.
Plaster/decorative. Molded plaster rosettes, scrolls and moldings. Used extensively in 18th century architectural detailing.
Plumb, plumb bob, plumb line. A straight vertical line. All walls should be plumb. Plumb can be determinated through use of a plumb line and plumb bob. The bob is tied to the end of the line and the line is suspended.
Pointing trowel. A trowel used in tuckpointing mortar. Tuckpointing is a repair method in which mortar is dug out of joints and replaced.
Portland cement. Basic cement used in formulation of structural concrete.
Prefabricated fireplace. Any fireplace unit that is purchased and then installed in the home. The term covers free-standing fireplaces, fireplace inserts and units to be framed in and covered.
Potere calorifico. Si tratta della quantità di calore, teorica, che un chilogrammo di legna riesce a dare. Indicativamente, con una umidità attorno al 15/20%la legna produce circa 3500 Kilocalorie (Kcal, vedi voce corrispondente) all’ora.
Faggio o quercia, legno duro o tenero, quando si deve procedere al taglio di un albero è importante sapere quali sono i trucchi per ottenere che questo cada secondo i desideri e le aspettative.
Quadrature (lavori di). Viene così chiamato il lavoro dell’imbianchino che simula le cornici siano esse lisce o lavorate, o dipinte a guazzo o a tempera. È pure lavoro di quadratura quello di lavorazione delle cornici, fasce, che fanno lo scalpellino ed il tagliapietre e contornano la parete dove è collocato il camino.
Quercia. E’ un eccellente combustibile ma, a differenza di altri tipi di legno, deve restare all’aperto per due anni affinché la pioggia elimini il tannino che contiene, quindi andrà messo al riparo per un anno o due prima di essere bruciato. Nei rami piccoli, la quantità di alburno (che brucia troppo rapidamente) è assai elevata.
Benjamin Thompson conte di Rumford
(1753 Massachusetts - 1814 Parigi)
Rumford fireplace. An energy efficient design for a masonry fireplace. The designer was Count Rumford (nee Benjamin Thompson of Massachusetts). The small, shallow fireplace burns a good fire and reflacts heat into the room.
Riverbero di calore (cottura a). Consigliata da tutti i dietologi è un tipo di cottura che ha tradizioni lontane: proviene dalla Pampa Argentina dove in 12 ore si cuociono interi manzi al riverbero della fiamma. Le braci si collocano ai lati della griglia o di fronte a spiedi verticali. Si adatta preferibilmente alle carni che perdono lentamente tutti i grassi contenuti.
Rafter/ridgepole. Roof components. The ridge pole runs along the peak of the roof. Rafters run between the ridgepole and side wall top plates.
Rain cap. Usually of galvanized metal, a rain cap is a peaked, protective cover for the chimney flue.
Reinforcing rods. Metal rods, ranging from relatively fine wire to heavy steel rods, installed in concrete to add strenght and stability.
Returns. The sections of the jambs between the opening and the interior side walls.
Rubble. Waterworn or rough broken stone or brick used in masonry construction. As fill, it is combined with mortar.
Running bond. A frequently used brick pattern. Joints of alternate rows are centered on bricks of the courses directly above and below.
Russian fireplace. A large, hollow masonry wall with many interior flue baffles to ensure a long and complete burn. The masonry absorbs almost all the heat and radiates it into the house.
Rivestimento. Si indica con il nome generico di “rivestimento” l’intera parte esterna decorativa (ma anche strutturale”) di un camino. Può essere composta da marmo, pietra, legno o metallo, a seconda dello stile e delle scelte progettuali che ne definiscono l’aspetto.
Stu'a Olar (dialetto piemontese) - vedi Ollari stufe
Stufatoro (tufatoro, stuin, tufeia) dal latino volgare extufare (mandare in fumo). Pentola di forma panciuta con una strozzatura in alto; fondo arrotondato, sovente più largo della bocca. Veniva posto su un treppiede, sulla griglia del focolare o sui cerchi della stufa a legna o appeso con un gancio alla catena del camino. Adatti per le lunghe cotture in umido (stufati, brasati, spezzatini).
Safety harness. Either a manufactured leather strap vest and rope unit, or a looped and tied rope vest and safety line.
Simulated brick/stone. Noncombustible materials manufactured to look like natural brick or stone. Frequently used as facing material for new prefabricated installations or to renovate older fireplaces. May range in thickness from units of the same thickness and size as natural material (as in precast concrete "stones" to very thin facing units.
Single-face fireplace. The traditional fireplace is a single face construction with facing and firebox areas visible from only one direction.
Smoke chamber. A roughly pyramid-shaped space from the level of the smoke shelf to the base of the flue. It tapers to direct smoke from the firebox to the flue opening.
Smoke puller. An electrically powered fan installed at the top of the chimney as part of a cap unit. May be required to draw smoke up the chimney in areas where topography or weather conditions create problems of uneven or insufficient natural chimney draw.
Smoke shelf. The smooth-finished, curved shelf at the base of the smoke chamber. It is designed to create a swirling upward and forward-moving air current, so that cool downdraft air is directed back up the chimney with rising smoke.
Soapstone. An extremely porous stone found in North America. Soapstone is absorbant. It will absorb a liquid like kerosene and serve as a wick as in a firelighter. It is used in the manufacture of some wood stoves because of its capacity to absorb and radiate heat over a long period of time. It can be carved and polished for decorative finishes. A polished slab is often used as a griddle.
Softwood. Wood from coniferous trees - pines, firs, spruces. The wood contains highly flammable sap and has highly compacted fibers. As firewood, softwood ignites easily and generally splits easily; however, it tends to burn quickly and does not give off high levels of heat.
Soldier (course). A row of brick or stone set vertically (on end) with the narrow face forward. Soldier courses may be used decoratively or to create openings for air ducts - particularly for warm air vents in circulating fireplace facings.
Spark arrester. A wire mesh covering for a chimney cap to prevent release of sparks or burning debris. Recquired for chimneys passing through wood-shingled roofs. Also advisable wherever there are nearby combustible materials, such as eaves, trees or older dwellings.
Square. Either a carpenter's square, which is a measuring device with two legs set at a 90° angle, or a function of construction to achieve and maintain a 90° relationship - as in 90° corners at wall junctures.
Storm collar. A flashing unit for prefabricated chimney pipe. The collar is designed to direct heavy precipitation away from the chimney roof joint.
Stove board. A fireproof sheet that can be used as a protective cover for combustible walls near a stove. A stove board also is used to seal a fireplace opening so a stove may be vented out the chimney.
Stove pad. A prefabricated, fireproof stove hearth. To protect the floor, a stove pad should be placed under any stove installation and extend beyond the stove 12 to 18 inches (see local codes). May also be used under prefabricated fireplaces.
Subfloor. A layer of roughly finished material that is laid on floor joists to provide a level surface for finished flooring.
Subhearth. A level, poured concrete base that extends from the exterior chimney/foundation wall to the front edge of the forehearth. The concrete must be reinforced with rods that reach from the back to the front and from side to side. The rods are tied together wherever they cross.
Storace. Balsamo che fa parte delle resine rare e pregiate, ottenuto dalla spremitura della corteccia del Liquidambar orientalis Mill dopo una lunga bollitura. Liquido vischioso simile al miele, di colore grigio bruno o verde, ha un odore che può ricordare cannella e vaniglia, e viene usato nelle varianti nera e honduras.
Per verificare la perfetta tenuta della canna, si deve inibire il tiraggio del camino tappandone la sommità.
Tostino o abbrustitoio (Brusacafè - dialetto piemontese) l'arnese metallico per abbrustolire o torrefare, formato da due coppe combacianti a chiudersi l'una con l'altra, formanti il tamburo in cui si metteva la materia da tostare, scuotendolo sul fuoco. L'attrezzo era assicurato contro le improvvise aperture mediante l'incoccatoio costituito da un anello agganciabile all'uncino contrapposto, entrambi all'estremità dei lunghi manici.
Tarbuck knot. A safety knot designed for use by mountain climbers. The Tarbuck knot is used in creating a rope safety harness.
Tees. Stove pipe connector sections used to join horizontal runs to vertical runs.
Termination cap. A finished top to a prefabricated chimney pipe flue. Usually comes complete with spark arrester and rain cap.
Therms. A unit by which natural gas is sold. A therm is equal to 100,000 BTUs.
Thermostatic controls. A temperature-sensitive device used to control furnaces, dampers, or air vents so they will operate when a preset temperature is reached.
Thimble. A noncombustible seal that protects any wall or ceiling material at the point where a stove pipe passes through. Usually of metal or terra cotta, thimbles sometimes have decorated surfaces.
Throat. The fireplace region between the top of the opening and the edge of the smoke shelf. This space narrows from front to back because at this point, the back firebox wall slopes forward.
Trammel. A metal strap or chain, hooked at either end, used to suspend cooking pots from a fireplace crane.
Traveler. See Canvas bag traveler.
TSP. Trisodium phosphate, a strong detergent that can be used to clean smoke stains from brick.
Tiraggio. Pressione necessaria all’espulsione dei fumi e degli altri prodotti della combustione dal camino verso l’esterno attraverso la canna. Il tiraggio è direttamente collegato all’altezza del camino, alla temperatura dei fumi ed anche, in parte, alla sezione della canna fumaria stessa. Altri elementi che possono influire sul tiraggio di un camino sono la velocità del vento esterno e la pressione atmosferica.
Umidità. Il contenuto di umidità nella legna determina il valore e la conservabilità del prodotto. Se il contenuto di umidità è superiore al 25% le muffe hanno vita facile; la massa secca si riduce e sale il contenuto di polveri. L’umidità influisce sulla conservazione del legno e sulle caratteristiche di combustione.
Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. A testing laboratory that tests electrical equipment, stoves and other manufactured goods for safety and flammability. A UL label/listing indicates that the material has passed the tests.
Underwriters Laboratories. Laboratorio inglese di certificazione di attrezzature elettrico e di altri materiali che ne attesta la sicurezza e resistenza all’infiammabilità. Una indicazione “UL Testing” dimostra che il bene certificato ha raggiunto lo standard di sicurezza richiesto.
una specie di parafuoco a mano
Ventola Una specie di parafuoco a mano, era lo strumento indispensabile, insieme ai fattorini da fornello, a chi governava il fuoco:ripararsi il volto nel trafficare con i ceppi ardenti pur potendo vedere guardando attraverso il forellino che c'era in centro. Era anche un ventaglio per rinvigorire il fuoco.
Ventilazione. Può essere forzata oppure naturale. La prima è il movimento dell’aria all’interno di un ambiente grazie all’aiuto di un ventilatore. La seconda, viceversa, si giova per lo stesso effetto di un moto naturale di termoconvenzione.
Particolare del soggiorno di casa Kaufmann a Bear Run, detta anche “casa sulla cascata”,progettata da Wright.
Wright (Frank Lloyd). Architetto statunitense (1869-1959). Concentrò la sua attenzione sulle abitazioni monofamiliari per esprimervi quei valori di libertà e creatività individuale propri del pionerismo americano. Approfondì il rapporto tra individuo e spazio architettonico e tra questo e la natura. Centro rituale della casa: il camino. Un esempio la Casa sulla Cascata (1936).
Wall anchors. A device for securing a screw or bolt to a wall surface that will not accept or hold an ordinary nail or screw. These are designed for hollow walls or solid masonry walls.
Wall ties. Various styles of wire, rods or crimped metal strips used to provide security and bonding strength between two adjoining surfaces - such as two-wythe brick walls, concrete block and brick or stone veneer, or frame walls and brick or stone veneer.
Warming shelf. A shelf at the back of a stove or attached to a stove pipe so food may be kept warm. The original purpose of a mantel was to serve as a warming shelf.
Wood gasses. Gasses released during combustion of wood. These gasses may also be ignited, if the fire is hot enough, to increase fuel efficiency. If they are not ignited, they condense on the chimney or stove pipe walls. The resulting residue may be ignited by a later fire, thus creating a chimney fire.
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Zoccolo. Basamento a fascia con profilo lievemente aggettante. Anche striscia di rivestimento in marmo o legno per le pareti.
Zero-clearance fireplace. A prefabricated fireplace that is so well insulated that it may be placed against a combustible wall; therefore, it riquires no, or zero, clearance.
Zero clearence fireplace. Termine inglese per indicare i tipici camini prefabbricati isolati termicamente in maniera perfetta (a “zero spazio”) tanto da poter essere appoggiati direttamente a superfici combustibili senza nessun problema.